 |
| Earth |
ScienceDaily (June 13, 2012) —Building a terrestrial planet requires raw materials that weren't
available in the early history of the universe. The Big Bang filled
space with hydrogen and helium. Chemical elements like silicon and
oxygen -- key components of rocks -- had to be cooked up over time by
stars. But how long did that take? How many of such heavy elements do
you need to form planets?
Previous studies have shown that Jupiter-sized gas giants tend to
form around stars containing more heavy elements than the Sun. However,
new research by a team of astronomers found that planets smaller than
Neptune are located around a wide variety of stars, including those with
fewer heavy elements than the Sun. As a result, rocky worlds like Earth
could have formed earlier than expected in the universe's history.
"This work suggests that terrestrial worlds could form at almost any
time in our galaxy's history," said Smithsonian astronomer David Latham
(Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics). "You don't need many
earlier generations of stars."
Latham played a lead role in the study, which was led by Lars A.
Buchhave from the University of Copenhagen and will be published in the
journal Nature. The work is being presented June 13 at the 220th meeting of the American Astronomical Society.
Astronomers call chemical elements heavier than hydrogen and helium
"metals." They measure the metal content, or metallicities, of other
stars using the Sun as a benchmark. Stars with more heavy elements are
considered metal-rich while stars with fewer heavy elements are
considered metal-poor.
Latham and his colleagues examined more than 150 stars known to have
planets, based on data from NASA's Kepler spacecraft. They measured the
stars' metallicities and correlated that with the sizes of the
associated planets. Large planets tended to orbit stars with solar
metallicities or higher. Smaller worlds, though, were found around
metal-rich and metal-poor stars alike.
"Giant planets prefer metal-rich stars. Little ones don't," explained Latham.
They found that terrestrial planets form at a wide range of
metallicities, including systems with only one-quarter of the Sun's
metal content.
Their discovery supports the "core accretion" model of planet
formation. In this model, primordial dust accumulates into mile-sized
planetesimals that then coalesce into full-fledged planets. The largest,
weighing 10 times Earth, can then gather surrounding hydrogen and
become a gas giant.
A gas giant's core must form quickly since hydrogen in the
protoplanetary disk dissipates rapidly, swept away by stellar winds in
just a few million years. Higher metallicities might support the
formation of large cores, explaining why we're more likely to find a gas
giant orbiting a metal-rich star.
"This result fits with the core accretion model of planet formation in a natural way," said Latham.
Posts
